Perceived academic pressure and mental health in adolescents: a cross-sectional study examining individual vulnerabilities and school climate

Perceived academic pressure is more strongly associated with individual vulnerabilities than with objective pressure, and is shaped by perceptions of school climate. Achievement goal orientations modulate this experience, with performance-avoidance and low mastery-approach representing potential risk factors. School-based interventions should address emotional vulnerabilities, motivational processes, and school climate to promote student well-being.