Antitumor Potential of Moringa oleifera Extract Against PC3 Prostate Cancer Cells Through IGF-1 Pathway Modulation

Moringa oleifera is widely recognized for its pharmacological properties and has recently attracted interest for its potential anticancer effects. In this study, we investigated the in vitro activity of Moringa oleifera leaf extract on the human prostate cancer PC3 cell line, focusing on the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) signaling pathway, a central regulator of prostate cancer progression. PC3 cells were treated with Moringa oleifera extract, IGF-1, the IGF1R inhibitor NVP-AEW541, and their combinations. Cell migration, apoptosis, cell cycle distribution, gene expression, and protein regulation were evaluated using scratch assays, flow cytometry, RT-PCR, and Western blotting. Under our experimental conditions, Moringa oleifera extract was associated with reduced IGF1R expression and phosphorylation, together with decreased activation of downstream ERK/MAPK and AKT signaling pathways. These changes were accompanied by increased apoptosis, G0/G1 cell cycle accumulation, and reduced migratory capacity of PC3 cells. In addition, Moringa oleifera modulated the expression of genes involved in epithelial–mesenchymal transition, tumor progression, and extracellular matrix remodeling, suppressing pro-invasive markers while enhancing anti-metastatic factors. The extract also reduced the expression of bone metastasis–associated markers, including osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase. Overall, these findings indicate that Moringa oleifera exposure is associated with modulation of IGF1R-related signaling and cellular programs relevant to aggressive prostate cancer. Further studies will be required to determine pharmacological feasibility and translational relevance.