Impact of Wind and Solar Renewable Energy Production on the Environment. Case Studies in Romania

Abstract Renewable energy technologies play an essential role in reducing environmental impacts associated with conventional energy production. Among these technologies, wind and solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are widely deployed, yet their overall performance depends on both environmental and economic factors.This study evaluates the environmental and economic impacts of wind and solar photovoltaic (PV) energy systems using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) methodologies. The analysis considers the entire life cycle of the systems, including manufacturing, operation, and end-of-life stages. To illustrate the results, two large-scale case studies representative of Romanian conditions are analyzed: a 100 MW PV system and a 99 MW wind energy system. The findings highlight differences in impact profiles and cost structures between the two technologies, emphasizing the importance of integrated environmental and economic assessment in renewable energy planning and decision-making.