How Causality Inspires Modeling Interpretation in Power Systems with High Penetration of Renewables: A Comprehensive Review of Causal Analysis Applied in Power Systems

The integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) into electric power systems introduces new challenges for system operation, reliability, and emergency management. Causal analysis, as a powerful data analysis tool, can reveal the interactions and influences between components in the power system, thus supporting the design, operation and optimization of the system. This review examines causal analysis methods applied to electric power systems with high-RES penetration, highlighting their effectiveness in identifying interactions among system components, detecting potential risks, and supporting operational decision-making. Key system properties, including safety, efficiency, flexibility, survivability, and reliability, are discussed in the context of high renewable integration. The review also analyzes lessons from systemic accidents and explores strategies to mitigate risks associated with excessive RES penetration. Finally, directions for future research are outlined, emphasizing real-time monitoring, advanced causal modeling, and methods to enhance the resilience of modern power systems.