Gui Shen Wan ameliorates PCOS-like cellular phenotypes by suppressing TNF-α-mediated inflammation and restoring the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway

These findings suggest that GSW mitigates PCOS-like granulosa cell dysfunction under metabolic stress by suppressing TNF-α-associated inflammatory signaling, thereby relieving inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Given the <i>in vitro</i> scope and the medicated-serum approach, the results should be interpreted as mechanistic insight rather than direct evidence of clinical efficacy, and they provide a rationale for subsequent <i>in vivo</i> validation.