Effect of Different Characters of the Pitcher Trap Syndrome in Nepenthes on Insect Trapping Efficiency: A Biomimetic Approach

The aim of our study was to determine the importance of different pitcher syndrome characters (size of the trap, the presence of inner microscopic surface coverage, physical properties of the pitcher fluid) for insect trapping efficiency using artificial, "biomimetic" pitchers. We performed trapping experiments with <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> flies, applied cryo scanning electron microscopy for characterization of the topography of surface coatings and visualization of their contaminability effects on insect attachment organs, and conducted contact angle measurements with different liquids used in experiments. The type of the liquid used as the pitcher fluid had the most important impact on the trapping efficiency; surfactant-containing liquids exhibiting strong wetting properties provided a high number of trapped flies. The diameter of the trap rather than its height influenced insect trapping efficiency; apparently, because wider traps provide a larger space for more insects to get into a trap, they captured more flies in comparison to narrower traps. The presence of both the calcium carbonate and kaolin coatings mimicking the epicuticular wax coverage inside pitchers in many <i>Nepenthes</i> species additionally contributed to the trapping success due to a reduction of contact between insect feet and the trap surface and to contamination of flies' attachment organs by detached microparticles.