Green anxiety or green well-being? The effect of waste sorting policy on mental health in China

Environmental conditions are increasingly recognized as key determinants of mental health. Waste and garbage, as ubiquitous elements of our environment, significantly influence our daily life and emotional well-being. However, research exploring the impact of waste-management policies, which are defined as institutional rules guiding the sorting, collection, and disposal of household waste, on mental health remains limited. Using data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) and a difference-in-differences (DID) approach, we treat the mandatory, state-led waste sorting policy implemented in China since 2017 as a policy shock to investigate its effects on mental health. Our analyses indicate that mandatory waste sorting is associated with better mental health through two dimensions encompassing four specific mechanisms. First, through direct environmental improvements, including higher harmless waste treatment rates that correspond to reduced visible pollution, as well as lower PM2.5 concentrations. Second, through indirect social and behavioral changes, reflected in increased outdoor social interactions and greater participation in physical exercise. However, these benefits are not evenly distributed. Elderly individuals, those with lower education levels, and people with physical impairments do not experience significant mental health improvements following the policy implementation, suggesting potential adaptation challenges. These findings emphasize the need for more inclusive and user-friendly waste management systems to ensure mental health across all social groups. • The study uses nationally representative CHARLS panel data to examine China’s mandatory waste-sorting policy. • Policy implementation is associated with improved mental health among residents. • Four mechanisms are identified: improved waste treatment, reduced PM 2 . 5 , increased social interaction, and greater physical activity. • Vulnerable groups, including the elderly, low-education, and mobility-limited individuals, experience limited mental-health benefits. • Findings underscore the need for more inclusive and user-friendly waste- sorting systems.