The Madelung Problem of Finite Crystals

The Coulomb potential at an interior ion in a finite crystal of size <i>p</i> is given by a linear superposition of contributions from displacement vectors <b>r</b> = (<i>x</i>, <i>y</i>, <i>z</i>) to its neighbors. This additive structure underlies universal relationships among Madelung constants and applies to both standard periodic boundary conditions and alternative Clifford supercells. Each pairwise contribution decomposes into three physically distinct components: a periodic bulk term, a quadratic boundary term, and a finite-size correction, whose leading order term is <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:mn>24</mml:mn><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>r</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn>40</mml:mn><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>y</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>z</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mo>]</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:mn>9</mml:mn><mml:msqrt><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msqrt><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mi>p</mml:mi><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup><mml:mo>]</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math> for cubic crystals with unit lattice constant. Combining this decomposition with linear superposition yields a rapidly convergent direct-summation scheme, accurate even at <i>p</i> = 1 (3<sup>3</sup> unit cells), enabling hands-on calculations of Madelung constants for a wide range of ionic crystals.

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Journal
Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation
Published
2026-03-05
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jctc.6c00034
Primary Topic
High-pressure geophysics and materials
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article
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article

The Madelung Problem of Finite Crystals

Zhonghan Hu, Yihao Zhao, Yang He
Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation
High-pressure geophysics and materials
article

The Madelung Problem of Finite Crystals

Zhonghan Hu, Yihao Zhao, Yang He
article en

Abstract

The Coulomb potential at an interior ion in a finite crystal of size <i>p</i> is given by a linear superposition of contributions from displacement vectors <b>r</b> = (<i>x</i>, <i>y</i>, <i>z</i>) to its neighbors. This additive structure underlies universal relationships among Madelung constants and applies to both standard periodic boundary conditions and alternative Clifford supercells. Each pairwise contribution decomposes into three physically distinct components: a periodic bulk term, a quadratic boundary term, and a finite-size correction, whose leading order term is <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:mn>24</mml:mn><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>r</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn>40</mml:mn><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>y</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>z</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mo>]</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:mn>9</mml:mn><mml:msqrt><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msqrt><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mi>p</mml:mi><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup><mml:mo>]</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math> for cubic crystals with unit lattice constant. Combining this decomposition with linear superposition yields a rapidly convergent direct-summation scheme, accurate even at <i>p</i> = 1 (3<sup>3</sup> unit cells), enabling hands-on calculations of Madelung constants for a wide range of ionic crystals.

Journal of Chemical Theory and ComputationVol. 22(6)
Shandong University (CN), Ministry of Education (ET)
Openalex Percentile: Top 54%
High-pressure geophysics and materials
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