Advancing photocatalytic CO₂ reduction: A comprehensive review on the role of halide perovskites

The continued consumption of carbon-based fuels raises concerns about severe climatic conditions due to the rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere. Conventional mitigation technologies to limit the increase of CO 2 emissions make use of carbon capture using solvents and sorbents, which are used commercially to mitigate the CO 2 emissions at point source emissions. However, these commercial methods are not sustainable and efficient enough, forcing the scientific community to explore a carbon-based circular economy. The main challenge is the large-scale utilization of captured CO 2 via catalytic chemical transformations. This review begins with the fundamental understanding of energy requirements to convert CO 2 into other chemical feedstocks. It then delves into the thermo-, electro- and photo-catalytic pathways and their potential for CO 2 reduction to various valuable products ranging from C1-C3. Despite the availability of commercial photocatalysts, their broad use is limited by many drawbacks, including low efficiency, narrow solar spectrum absorption range, and selectivity for the reduction of CO 2 . To address these limitations, photocatalytic reduction of CO 2 via halide perovskites (HPs) is being investigated. These multidimensional approaches use metal halide perovskites as effective photocatalysts to improve CO 2 reduction efficiency while synergistically reducing environmental implications. This review intends to present photocatalysis as a sustainable alternative and enhance our understanding of halide perovskite-based photo-catalytic characteristics and optimize their performance for CO 2 reduction by looking into efficient synthesis methods, photocatalytic reactor design, commercial viability and their long-term application as a photocatalyst.