A narrative review on the role of herbal constituents and their combination with nanotechnology as future hope in the management of diabetic retinopathy

Diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic disorder with various secondary complications, including diabetic retinopathy (DR), which damages the retina and can cause vision loss. It is more likely to develop in those with diabetes for longer periods and can result in blindness if neglected. The course of treatment for diabetic retinopathy varies according to the severity of the condition. Treatment options include Laser therapy, anti-VEGF injections, vitrectomy, and steroid therapy. The current approaches for the treatment of DR are invasive, associated with various adverse effects, and henceforth; there is a need to identify the alternatives to increase ocular life. Several recent studies showed the involvement of the phytoconstituents in the management of DR. However; the target site is the posterior segment of the eye which demands the deep movement of the drug after topical administration. Nanotechnology can be considered as the new hope for the topical delivery of herbal medicines. By considering the involvement of herbal medicines and nanotechnology, the present review gives insights into DR pathophysiology, available treatments, and challenges to current treatment, the use of traditional Indian and Chinese medicinal herbs, nanotechnology, and the blending of nanotechnology with herbal constituents. • Diabetic retinopathy is the worst ocular complication associated with diabetes. • Present treatment is invasive and associated with poor patient compliance. • Phytoconstituents showed the promising results in the management of retinopathy. • Combination of nanotechnology with the phytocostitunets is the new hope for DR.