Electronic Cigarette Use in Nigeria: Public Health Implications and the Way Forward

Abstract Electronic cigarette (vaping) has become a fast-growing global phenomenon, particularly among adolescents and young adults. Although it is often marketed as a safer alternative to traditional smoking, emerging research suggests that e-cigarettes carry risks of nicotine dependence, respiratory irritation, and may normalize smoking behaviour. In contrast to high-income countries where patterns of use and regulation are well documented, data from Nigeria and other African nations remain limited despite increasing awareness and uptake among young people. This review critically examined existing literature on the prevalence, determinants, and public health implications of vaping in Nigeria to identify evidence gaps that can inform future research and regulation. A narrative literature review was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate, focusing on peer-reviewed studies published between 2019 and 2025 related to vaping prevalence, determinants, and health or policy outcomes in Nigeria and comparable African settings. The evidence indicates a growing awareness and use of vaping among Nigerian adolescents and university students, with male predominance and key influences including peer networks, curiosity, and social media exposure. Despite minimal regulation and limited awareness of health risks, e-cigarette marketing remains widespread, and the National Tobacco Control Act (2015) does not explicitly cover vaping products. Vaping therefore presents an emerging public health concern in Nigeria, compounded by regulatory gaps and weak surveillance. Strengthened data collection, youth-focused education, and policy reform aligning e-cigarette control with global standards are essential to prevent rising nicotine addiction and protect future generations.