The Speed of Light as an Unavoidable Spectral Ratio of the Universal Quartic Functional

We show that the speed of light is not a postulate but an unavoidable spectral ratio emerging from a closed quartic variational structure. No external scales, units, metrics, or physical assumptions enter the derivation. A temporal scale is fixed by the lowest nontrivial spectral invariant, while a spatial scale is imposed by the linear symbol generated by the Hessian. Their ratio produces a universal propagation constant,\[c_{\mathrm{em}} = \frac{L_{\mathrm{em}}}{T_{\mathrm{em}}},\]entirely determined by the minimizer and the internal invariants of the framework. No tuning, interpretation, or background geometry is permitted: the propagation constant is a mathematically forced output of the quartic functional. The result eliminates the need for any external definition of the speed of light and reframes it as a structural consequence of a self-contained variational principle.

Authors

Publication Details

Journal
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Published
2026-03-02
DOI
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18829184
Primary Topic
Relativity and Gravitational Theory
Type
article
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article

The Speed of Light as an Unavoidable Spectral Ratio of the Universal Quartic Functional

Livolsi Edoardo
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Relativity and Gravitational Theory
article

The Speed of Light as an Unavoidable Spectral Ratio of the Universal Quartic Functional

Livolsi Edoardo
article en

Abstract

We show that the speed of light is not a postulate but an unavoidable spectral ratio emerging from a closed quartic variational structure. No external scales, units, metrics, or physical assumptions enter the derivation. A temporal scale is fixed by the lowest nontrivial spectral invariant, while a spatial scale is imposed by the linear symbol generated by the Hessian. Their ratio produces a universal propagation constant,\[c_{\mathrm{em}} = \frac{L_{\mathrm{em}}}{T_{\mathrm{em}}},\]entirely determined by the minimizer and the internal invariants of the framework. No tuning, interpretation, or background geometry is permitted: the propagation constant is a mathematically forced output of the quartic functional. The result eliminates the need for any external definition of the speed of light and reframes it as a structural consequence of a self-contained variational principle.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Openalex Percentile: Top 37%
Relativity and Gravitational Theory
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