Artificial Intelligence–driven microalgal biorefineries: Advancing wastewater phycoremediation toward sustainable biofuel and high-value product generation

Microalgae are ubiquitous, photosynthetic, and fast-growing microorganisms with various industrial uses, including bioenergy, pharmaceuticals, cosmeceuticals, and nutraceuticals. They play a versatile role in wastewater treatment by absorbing nutrients and breaking down toxic contaminants into simpler forms, which can then be used for their growth and development. Consequently, microalgae could contribute to a greener environment by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and preventing industrial discharges of toxic chemicals into freshwater sources. Their application in wastewater treatment, contaminant remediation and biomass enrichment supports the principles of a circular bioeconomy and zero waste discharge, making these practices technically and socially feasible. However, pilot-scale cultivation and effective wastewater treatment depend on various environmental and operational factors. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning (AI/ML) models are practical and heuristic tools that offer innovative solutions through monitoring, prediction, and control. They also aid in species identification and process optimization for wastewater phycoremediation and biomass valorisation. This review explores current AI/ML applications in microalgal wastewater treatment, contaminant remediation and biomass enrichment, emphasizing promising models and technologies that promote a circular economy. Future developments in AI/ML will improve predictive models, enable real-time system optimization, and integrate IoT (Internet of Things) technologies. Ongoing AI-driven research has the potential to address current challenges, making solutions more efficient, scalable, and practical, ultimately supporting a sustainable global future sustainability. Additionally, the multidisciplinary aspect of studying microalgae cultivation for wastewater and contaminant remediation, as well as biomass valorisation, could serve as a valuable reference for researchers from academia and industry. • Microalgae are economical and eco-friendly option for a sustainable environment. • Techniques for transformation of microalgal biomass to biofuel are discussed. • AI roles in wastewater treatment and biofuel production by microalgae are reviewed. • Synergistic associations of microalgae with microorganisms are discussed.