The Molecular Pathways of Diosmetin: A Flavonoid’s Role in Preventing Chronic Diseases

Diosmetin is a flavonoid predominantly found in citrus fruits that has recently attracted research interest as a potential candidate for preventing chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegeneration, and inflammation. This review aimed to analyze the molecular mechanisms underlying diosmetin's anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and neuroprotective activities. A comprehensive literature search was performed on studies published between 2000 and 2024 using databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Diosmetin was found to improve insulin sensitivity by modulating the PI3K/Akt and AMPK pathways and to exert strong anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NF-κB and COX-2. As an antioxidant, diosmetin activates the Nrf2 pathway through the expression of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. Additionally, diosmetin protects neurons from oxidative stress and neuroinflammation by regulating multiple cell survival and inflammation pathways. Compared to other flavonoids such as quercetin and luteolin, diosmetin appears to provide enhanced benefits when combined with other compounds. The purpose of this review was to summarize the molecular mechanisms and therapeutic applications of diosmetin. DOI: https://doi.org/10.59564/amrj/03.02/013