Interface design for lighting and shading controls: device type, position, and system cues influencing user preference and acceptance

The integration of smart control systems in office buildings can be disruptive when individual preferences and expectations for control interfaces are overlooked. Understanding how human–building interaction influences environmental comfort and acceptance is essential for creating user-centered designs. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of usability testing as an innovative method for assessing building system control interfaces and user interaction with automation. Specifically, we examined user preferences for shading and lighting controls in a controlled office laboratory, varying by “Type of Device” (analog vs. digital), “Position” (wall, desk, or split), and “System Cues” (information richness). In an experimental setting involving 20 participants, we investigated how these factors influence satisfaction and acceptance of automation. Using an adapted Post-Study System Usability Questionnaire (PSSUQ), we evaluated satisfaction with Ease of Use , Reachability , and Information . Findings show that while participants initial expectations favored simple analogue controls, preferences shifted toward digital, information-rich systems after hands-on interaction. Ordered logistic regression confirmed that Reachability ( =2.317) and Ease of Use ( =1.831) were the strongest predictors of Overall Satisfaction ( ), placing interface position as the primary design characteristic. However, preferences varied by office type: in shared offices, users preferred wall-mounted controls to facilitate shared access and visibility. These insights offer actionable guidance for designing smart control interfaces that enhance user satisfaction, support personal control, and promote greater acceptance of building automation. • PSSUQ adapted to evaluate lighting and shading control interfaces. • Desk-mounted digital controls yielded the highest perceived usability across tasks. • Adding system-state cues improved usability ratings compared to no-cue interfaces. • Results support reachability and system cues as key design levers for acceptable controls.