Prevalence and determinants of insomnia in patients with chronic heart failure: a cross-sectional survey in Jiaxing, China

The prevalence of insomnia in CHF patients was high, and gender, mood, NYHA cardiac function class, chronic pain, per capita monthly household income, socialization range, smoking, number of comorbidities, and mode of healthcare payment were the influencing factors. It is important to note that cross-sectional study designs cannot establish causal relationships, but they can identify associated or coexisting risk factors.