Reconstructing Archaeological Evidence with Digital Technologies: Emerging Trends, Challenges, and Prospects

The advancement of digital technologies such as photogrammetry, 3D scanning, Geographic Information Systems (GISs), and artificial intelligence has profoundly transformed archaeology by enabling more accurate documentation, analysis, and visualization of cultural heritage. These tools facilitate evidence preservation, enhance research processes, and broaden the possibilities for interpreting and disseminating archaeological knowledge. This scoping review synthesizes recent progress in the application of digital technologies for the reconstruction of archaeological evidence, emphasizing their main impacts on archaeological research while addressing existing challenges, limitations, and future perspectives, particularly focusing on the integration of artificial intelligence. A systematic review of the scientific literature was conducted using the PRISMA® methodology, analyzing documents retrieved from databases such as Scopus, PubMed, IEEE Xplore, and ScienceDirect. One hundred and sixteen papers were selected, with a Cohen’s Kappa coefficient of 0.463 ensuring the reliability of the selection process. The findings reveal that the integration of digital technologies is redefining archaeological reconstruction methods and expanding the horizons of historical and heritage knowledge, requiring collaborative, ethical, and interdisciplinary approaches to achieve a more accurate, accessible, and sustainable archaeology in the future.