Inequality of Opportunity in Early-childhood Deprivations in Ghana

Early childhood deprivations significantly affect human capital development and long-term socioeconomic outcomes. This study examines the evolution and sources of ex ante inequality of opportunity in early childhood deprivations in Ghana from 2008 to 2022. Using data from three rounds of the Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (2008, 2014, 2022), we measure childhood deprivations with a multidimensional framework across domains including health, education, inclusion and safety, and living standards. We assess inequality of opportunity at both the extensive margin (likelihood of being deprived) and the intensive margin (depth of deprivation) using the dissimilarity index and mean log deviation, respectively. We find a decline in both the incidence (65% to 39%) and intensity (52% to 47%) of deprivations between 2008 and 2022, reflecting improvements in child well-being. However, significant inequalities persist, with maternal education and household location cumulatively accounting for more than 50% of total inequality of opportunity. While rural residency remains a major driver of deprivation, its contribution has declined, indicating progress in addressing urban-rural disparities. The study highlights the need for targeted interventions to reduce inequalities, particularly through improving maternal education and equitable service delivery.