Genome-wide and co-expression network dissection of PgUGT-Rd1 as a central regulator of ginsenoside Rd biosynthesis in ginseng

Our findings establish PgUGT-Rd1 as an important UDP-glycosyltransferase associated with the directed biosynthesis of ginsenoside Rd and provide new insights into the regulatory architecture of ginsenoside metabolic pathways in ginseng. This integrative framework highlights candidate molecular targets for precision breeding and metabolic engineering and advances the understanding of specialized metabolism in medicinal plants.