Enhancing public health and environmental safety through onsite waste segregation in animal research facilities

Biomedical waste (BMW) management in animal research facilities is an emerging challenge due to rising waste volumes, hazardous materials, and the presence of emerging contaminants. This review examines the critical importance of proper onsite segregation of BMW in animal research facilities to safeguard occupational safety, public health, and environmental sustainability. Literature published between 2009 and 2025, including pandemic-era studies, case reports, and regulatory guidelines, was reviewed to identify existing gaps, best practices, and compliance strategies relevant to animal research facilities. Improper segregation was found to increase occupational hazards, environmental contamination, and regulatory non-compliance. Key challenges include handling emerging contaminants, pharmaceutical residues, and sharps. Structured training programs, checklist-based audits, and digital monitoring systems were identified as effective strategies for improving segregation accuracy. Strengthening staff adherence, infrastructure readiness, and integrating digital monitoring can enhance onsite segregation practices. Future prospects include AI-assisted monitoring tools and adaptive training frameworks to ensure sustainable BMW management in animal research facilities worldwide.