Cross-Domain Simulation of a Plucking Piezoelectric Energy Harvester: Coupling Dynamics, Power Management, and Application

Abstract Piezoelectric energy harvesters (PEHs) represent a compelling alternative to batteries for powering low-power Internet of Things (IoT) electronics, particularly in maintenance-constrained applications. However, the inherently cross-disciplinary scope of the research in this field has impeded the development of a unified multi-physics model that accounts for external excitation, mechanical-to-electrical energy conversion, nonlinear interface circuit behavior, energy management, and system-level power dynamics. This study introduces a system-level simulation framework to overcome the challenge. Using a plucking-mode PEH as an example, we first established its dynamic model and converted it into an equivalent circuit. We then analyzed the energy charging-release cycle and dynamic response characteristics of the harvester. The equivalent circuit model was further used to demonstrate the superior energy transfer efficiency of the self-powered synchronous electronic charge extraction circuit. In addition, the circuit simulation incorporated an energy management module and a wireless IoT node to emulate realistic system operation. This integrated approach bridges the gap between theoretical modeling and practical application evaluation. Finally, experimental tests validated the capability of the plucking-mode PEH to enable self-powered sensing. The methods and findings presented in this work contribute a critical understanding toward improving energy-harvesting efficiency and reliability, supporting the development of practical and scalable self-powered IoT systems.