Quantification and characterization of construction waste for sustainable waste management strategies in Shire City, Northern Ethiopia

Rapid urbanization has made the management of construction and demolition waste (C&DW) a critical challenge in developing countries. This study quantified and characterized illegally dumped C&DW in Shire City, Northern Ethiopia, to inform sustainable management strategies. Field surveys, geospatial analysis, and stakeholder questionnaires were used to assess the waste volume, composition, and management practices. The results indicated substantial waste volumes, predominantly soil (116,623 m3), mixed debris (64,317 m3), and stone (13,200 m3), mainly from excavation and demolition activities. Illegal dumping was the dominant practice (85%; RII = 0.84), driven by inadequate infrastructure, weak regulations, and low awareness. Reuse was moderately practiced, but recycling remained limited because of the high costs and technological barriers. Spearman correlation analysis revealed strong agreement among stakeholders regarding waste management challenges. The study concludes that C&DW management in Shire City is unsustainable and poses significant environmental and public health risks. An integrated approach, including policy enforcement, investment in recycling facilities, stakeholder training, and public awareness, is recommended. This methodology offers a replicable framework for C&DW assessments in resource-limited, rapidly urbanizing cities in developing countries.