RNA-directed DNA methylation: epigenome-guided herbicide-tolerant crop management

RdDM offers a programmable epigenetic route to herbicide tolerance without altering DNA sequences. This review highlights RdDM control of detoxification, transport, and stress networks, and outlines tools to map and engineer adaptive epialleles. We further discuss the stability, reversibility, and transgenerational inheritance of RdDM-mediated changes, emphasizing their potential for sustainable crop improvement. By integrating epigenome editing, small RNA biology, and stress physiology, we propose strategic frameworks to harness RdDM for precision breeding and climate-resilient agriculture.