Lightweight Thermal-protective Materials Based on Foamed Vermiculite: Physical and Chemical Properties, Production Technologies

Expanded vermiculite is a natural layered silicate material that, due to its high porosity, low bulk density, and low thermal conductivity, is considered a highly promising filler for the production of lightweight and energy-efficient building materials. These unique physical and structural characteristics make vermiculite particularly suitable for applications where thermal insulation, weight reduction, and energy savings are critical requirements. This paper comprehensively examines the mineralogical composition of expanded vermiculite, its thermomechanical behavior under different temperature conditions, and its functional role when incorporated into construction mixtures. Special attention is given to evaluating the effectiveness of vermiculite as a thermal insulation component and its overall contribution to improving the energy efficiency of modern buildings. At the present stage of development, deepening economic reforms in the construction sector of our Republic is of great importance in order to achieve tangible and sustainable results. This requires the implementation of effective measures aimed at increasing economic efficiency, reducing production costs, and ensuring the wide and productive use of local raw materials in the manufacture of energy-efficient construction materials. In addition, the rational and complete recycling of waste generated by various industrial sectors is becoming an essential component of sustainable development in the construction industry. These priorities highlight the need for innovative material solutions that combine technical performance with economic and environmental benefits. One of the most pressing economic and technological challenges today is the production of high-quality building materials using energy-saving, efficient, and resource-conserving technologies during production, development, and continuous improvement processes. In this context, particular attention is paid to the development of ultra-lightweight, energy-efficient, and durable concrete products. One of the key objectives addressed in this study is the production of high-quality concrete blocks based on expanded vermiculite and low-water cement systems. Such materials have the potential to significantly reduce structural weight, enhance thermal performance, and improve overall energy efficiency, while maintaining the required strength and durability characteristics for modern construction applications.