Climatic Influence on the Predation Dynamics of African Buffalo (<i>Syncerus</i><i> </i><i>caffer</i><i>)</i> in Mbam et Djerem National P

This study investigates the predation dynamics of the African buffalo (<i>Syncerus</i><i> </i><i>caffer</i>) within the Mbam et Djerem National Park, Cameroon, focusing on the interplay between predation pressures and climatic influences. The African buffalo, a keystone species in the park's ecosystem, faces various predators, including lions, crocodiles, and hyenas, who’s hunting patterns may be influenced by climatic factors such as temperature, rainfall, and seasonal changes. Utilizing a combination of field observations, and climatic data analysis, this research aims to elucidate the relationships between buffalo population dynamics, predation rates, and environmental variables. Preliminary findings suggest that periods of extreme weather events significantly affect predator behavior and buffalo vulnerability, potentially leading to shifts in population stability. Understanding these interactions is crucial for effective wildlife management and conservation strategies in the face of climate change. Buffalo populations, together with their predators were monitored and observed from 8:00 am - 5:00 pm for four days each week. Additionally, data was collected on rainfall, sunshine, temperature and humidity simultaneously. The predation of African buffalo showed a significant association on habitat r = 0.303 P<0.05, water sources r = 0.405 P = 0.019, climatic conditions X<sup>2</sup> = 11.827 df=6 P<0.05, humidity X<sup>2</sup> = 4.813 df=4 P<0.05, and human encroachment X<sup>2 </sup>= 11.741 df=4 P=0.019 respectively. More so, habitat has shown a significance on food resources X<sup>2 </sup>= 2.972 df=2 P<0.05 and environmental temperature rating r=0.571 P=0.001 respectively. There was a significant association between atmospheric temperature rating and buffalo food X<sup>2</sup> = 14.707 df=4 P=0.005. A significant correlation was equally recorded between humidity rating and predatory habitat r=0.211 P<0.05. Results indicated that climatic variations significantly affect prey availability and predator behavior, leading to fluctuating predators pressure on buffalo populations. Increased rainfall correlates with higher grass biomass, enhancing buffalo habitat quality but also attracting predators. This research highlights the complex interplay between climatic factors and predator-prey dynamics, providing insights for conservation strategies aimed at maintaining the ecological balance within the park. This study contributes to the broader discourse on ecosystem resilience and the impacts of environmental variability on wildlife interactions in African savannas.