Indirect Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Under Randomized Conditions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
This review provides a methodologically rigorous benchmark of IVE measurable under randomized conditions. While pooled DVE was moderate, pooled IVE was lower, and most individual trials did not demonstrate statistically significant indirect effects. The findings indicate that individual vaccination is the most reliable means of preventing influenza, rather than depending on indirect or community-level protection.
Authors
- Bryna Warshawsky (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9870-1531)
- Meagan C. Fitzpatrick (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5248-2668)
- Emilie Ludeman (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1019-3737)
- Laura Hobbs (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0344-653X)
- Lindsay Friedman (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4291-4719)
- I. Galbreath
- Jeffrey C Kwong
- Allison M LaRocco
- Justin R Ortiz
- Yuanyuan Liang
- Andrew C Gilmore
Institutions
- Western University (CA)
- University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
- Public Health Agency of Canada (CA)
- Toronto Public Health (CA)
- Canada Research Chairs (CA)
- Public Health Ontario (CA)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Clinical Infectious Diseases
- Published
- 2026-02-25
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciag138
- Primary Topic
- Influenza Virus Research Studies
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00