Evaluation of the transition period of cows: Principles of standard operating procedures (SOP)

The transition period for dairy cows, which spans 3–4 weeks before and after calving, is a critical phase influencing animal health, milk production, and farm efficiency. During this period, cows undergo significant metabolic and physiological changes, making effective management through standard operating procedures (SOP) crucial. Proper nutrition is key during the transition period to prevent metabolic disorders like ketosis and hypocalcemia, which affect milk yield and reproductive performance. A balanced diet with adequate protein, energy, and micronutrients helps facilitate smooth lactation. Studies indicate that feeding strategies with a proper energy-to-protein ratio reduce ketosis risk and enhance milk production [1]. The transition period carries an increased risk of metabolic and infectious diseases, such as subclinical ketosis and mastitis. Regular veterinary check-ups and blood parameter monitoring (e.g., non-esterified fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate) help detect health risks early, enabling timely interventions. Continuous health monitoring during this time reduces disease incidence and improves milk production [2]. Housing conditions significantly impact cow comfort and productivity. Factors such as heat stress, poor ventilation, and inadequate bedding can decrease feed intake and increase disease susceptibility. Research shows that well-ventilated barns and comfortable resting areas improve cow welfare and milk production efficiency, while clean bedding reduces mastitis cases [2, 3] Behavioral changes during the transition period, such as fluctuations in blood calcium levels, can indicate physiological stress and metabolic imbalances. Monitoring cow behavior, including feed intake and lying time, allows for early detection of health issues, enabling preventive actions that support health and productivity [2]. Farm management practices and human factors play a crucial role in SOP implementation. Variations in management practices, herd genetics, and seasonal factors influence cows’ responses to transition protocols. Studies show that training farm personnel in SOP principles reduces disease incidence and improves herd performance. Educating staff on proper feeding and health monitoring can reduce metabolic disease rates and boost milk production [2, 3]. Managing the transition period effectively using SOP principles is vital for optimizing cow health and productivity. Balanced nutrition, continuous health monitoring, and appropriate housing conditions are essential. By following evidence-based SOP guidelines, farmers can reduce disease risks, increase milk yield, and improve farm efficiency. Future research should explore genetic differences, seasonal variations, and farmspecific adaptations to enhance SOP effectiveness.