Precision livestock farming: challenges, opportunities, prospects and environmental impacts

The effects of digitalization are most extensively recorded in the field of dairy cattle husbandry [1]. Precision livestock farming (PLF) is a noteworthy emerging technology that possesses the capacity to significantly transform the livestock farming sector, set apart from several other intriguing developments [2]. The primary objective of PLF is to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of animal production, as well as improve the overall health and well-being of animals [3]. Smart farming, also known as PLF, has the potential to enhance animal welfare on farms, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve environmental performance, facilitate product segmentation and marketing of livestock products, deter illegal livestock trade, and bolster the economic stability of rural regions when implemented effectively [2]. The technologies encompassed in this list are automatic weighing systems, radio frequency identification sensors for detecting and monitoring individual animal behaviour, body temperature monitoring, geographic information systems for evaluating and optimizing pastures, unmanned aerial vehicles for managing herds, and virtual fencing for managing herds and grazing [4]with increased consumption of animal products predominately due to the advancing economies of South America and Asia. As a result, livestock production systems have expanded in size, with considerable changes to the animals’ management. As grazing animals are commonly grown in herds, economic and labour constraints limit the ability of the producer to individually assess every animal. Precision Livestock Farming refers to the real-time continuous monitoring and control systems using sensors and computer algorithms for early problem detection, while simultaneously increasing producer awareness concerning individual animal needs. These technologies include automatic weighing systems, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID. The objective is to automate the management of animals on large farms through the use of algorithms and networked smart devices that continuously monitor individual animals, compare this data to expected norms, and make decisions regarding climate, nutrition, and reproduction, among other things [2]. Various techniques were employed to ascertain PLF technology. These methods encompass queries conducted on scientific literature databases, attendance at technological exhibits, and input received from peers. Consequently, it is anticipated that PLF will enhance the efficiency of animal production, as well as improve animal health and welfare. The implementation of PLF has the potential to facilitate advancements in animal health, production, and welfare. Nevertheless, there is currently little scientific evidence to support the notion that the use of PLF has any discernible effects. It is anticipated that PLF will modify the interaction between animals and humans and will significantly influence veterinary treatment [3].