Bovine pain: Importance, identification, and control in modern cattle farms – meta-analysis

Pain in cattle leads to changes in behaviour, autonomic function, and neuroendocrine activity, resulting in negative emotional responses and compromised welfare [1,4]. Chronic pain can reduce food intake and weight gain while increasing heart rate and blood pressure and decreasing body temperature [1]. Assessing pain in farm animals typically involves monitoring physiological and behavioural changes [1,3,4]. However, pain detection in cattle remains challenging due to their natural stoicism. Cattle have evolved to conceal pain to avoid appearing vulnerable to predators, making it difficult for veterinarians and farmers to recognize signs of discomfort [3,4]. A scientifically developed pain scale helps assess cattle pain by evaluating seven signals, each scored from 0 to 2, with a total score above 5 indicating severe pain. This scale is a valuable tool for both veterinarians and farmers to detect subtle signs of pain [3]. Pain management involves addressing inflammation and systemic processes while minimizing tissue damage. NSAIDs are commonly used to control pain, fever, and inflammation [1,4]. Proper pain relief is crucial during surgical procedures and conditions such as mastitis, metritis, and lameness [1,4]. Studies have shown that administering analgesics after calving improves recovery, appetite, and milk production [1,2]. Pain is also a significant concern during difficult calving for both the cow and the calf [1,4]. Recent advancements in pain assessment have improved our understanding of bovine pain indicators and led to the development of approved analgesics, optimized dosing strategies, and better pain management protocols [1].