CLEAN ENERGY DEMAND: EVALUATING THE USE OF HYDROGEN IN ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM A CORPORATE COST PERSPECTIVE

<p style="language:tr;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.42in;text-indent:0in;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;vertical-align:baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-size: 28pt; font-family: Arial;">The Industrial Revolution represented apivotal moment in the evolution of human energy demand, marked by a significantescalation in the </span><span style="font-size: 28pt; font-family: Arial;">utilisation</span><span style="font-size: 28pt; font-family: Arial;"> ofenergy resources. The advent of steam power marked the genesis of production,which subsequently evolved with the emergence of electricity </span><span style="font-size:28.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:+mn-ea;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:#8585E0;mso-color-index:5;mso-font-kerning:12.0pt;language:tr;mso-style-textfill-type:solid;mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor:accent2;mso-style-textfill-fill-color:#8585E0;mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha:100.0%;mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms:&quot;lumm=60000 lumo=40000&quot;">(</span><span style="font-size:28.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:+mn-ea;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:#8585E0;mso-color-index:5;mso-font-kerning:12.0pt;language:tr;mso-style-textfill-type:solid;mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor:accent2;mso-style-textfill-fill-color:#8585E0;mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha:100.0%;mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms:&quot;lumm=60000 lumo=40000&quot;">Yin</span><span style="font-size:28.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:+mn-ea;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:#8585E0;mso-color-index:5;mso-font-kerning:12.0pt;language:tr;mso-style-textfill-type:solid;mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor:accent2;mso-style-textfill-fill-color:#8585E0;mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha:100.0%;mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms:&quot;lumm=60000 lumo=40000&quot;"> et.al,2018)</span><span style="font-size: 28pt; font-family: Arial;"> andinternal combustion engines</span><span style="font-size: 28pt; font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-size:28.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:+mn-ea;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:#8585E0;mso-color-index:5;mso-font-kerning:12.0pt;language:tr;mso-style-textfill-type:solid;mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor:accent2;mso-style-textfill-fill-color:#8585E0;mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha:100.0%;mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms:&quot;lumm=60000 lumo=40000&quot;">(</span><span style="font-size:28.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:+mn-ea;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:#8585E0;mso-color-index:5;mso-font-kerning:12.0pt;language:tr;mso-style-textfill-type:solid;mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor:accent2;mso-style-textfill-fill-color:#8585E0;mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha:100.0%;mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms:&quot;lumm=60000 lumo=40000&quot;">Sharma</span><span style="font-size:28.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:+mn-ea;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:#8585E0;mso-color-index:5;mso-font-kerning:12.0pt;language:tr;mso-style-textfill-type:solid;mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor:accent2;mso-style-textfill-fill-color:#8585E0;mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha:100.0%;mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms:&quot;lumm=60000 lumo=40000&quot;"> &amp;Singh, 2020)</span><span style="font-size: 28pt; font-family: Arial;">. Inthe contemporary era, the focus has shifted towards clean and renewable energysources. As a consequence of the 1974 THEME conference, hydrogen gainedimportance as a potential energy carrier for future energy systems </span><span style="font-size:28.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:+mn-ea;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:#8585E0;mso-color-index:5;mso-font-kerning:12.0pt;language:tr;mso-style-textfill-type:solid;mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor:accent2;mso-style-textfill-fill-color:#8585E0;mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha:100.0%;mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms:&quot;lumm=60000 lumo=40000&quot;">(Veziroğlu,2000; Clark &amp; </span><span style="font-size:28.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:+mn-ea;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:#8585E0;mso-color-index:5;mso-font-kerning:12.0pt;language:tr;mso-style-textfill-type:solid;mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor:accent2;mso-style-textfill-fill-color:#8585E0;mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha:100.0%;mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms:&quot;lumm=60000 lumo=40000&quot;">Rifkin</span><span style="font-size:28.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:+mn-ea;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:#8585E0;mso-color-index:5;mso-font-kerning:12.0pt;language:tr;mso-style-textfill-type:solid;mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor:accent2;mso-style-textfill-fill-color:#8585E0;mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha:100.0%;mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms:&quot;lumm=60000 lumo=40000&quot;">, 2006)</span><span style="font-size: 28pt; font-family: Arial;">. Asa chemical element, hydrogen (H₂) has the potential to contribute to the </span><span style="font-size: 28pt; font-family: Arial;">decarbonisation</span><span style="font-size: 28pt; font-family: Arial;"> ofenergy systems, whilst concurrently offering environmental benefits as a mediumfor the storage of electricity generated from renewable sources</span><span style="font-size: 28pt; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-size:28.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:+mn-ea;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:#8585E0;mso-color-index:5;mso-font-kerning:12.0pt;language:tr;mso-style-textfill-type:solid;mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor:accent2;mso-style-textfill-fill-color:#8585E0;mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha:100.0%;mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms:&quot;lumm=60000 lumo=40000&quot;">(</span><span style="font-size:28.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:+mn-ea;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:#8585E0;mso-color-index:5;mso-font-kerning:12.0pt;language:tr;mso-style-textfill-type:solid;mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor:accent2;mso-style-textfill-fill-color:#8585E0;mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha:100.0%;mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms:&quot;lumm=60000 lumo=40000&quot;">Melaina</span><span style="font-size:28.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:+mn-ea;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:#8585E0;mso-color-index:5;mso-font-kerning:12.0pt;language:tr;mso-style-textfill-type:solid;mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor:accent2;mso-style-textfill-fill-color:#8585E0;mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha:100.0%;mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms:&quot;lumm=60000 lumo=40000&quot;">et.al., 2013; </span><span style="font-size:28.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:+mn-ea;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:#8585E0;mso-color-index:5;mso-font-kerning:12.0pt;language:tr;mso-style-textfill-type:solid;mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor:accent2;mso-style-textfill-fill-color:#8585E0;mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha:100.0%;mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms:&quot;lumm=60000 lumo=40000&quot;">Risco</span><span style="font-size:28.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:+mn-ea;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:#8585E0;mso-color-index:5;mso-font-kerning:12.0pt;language:tr;mso-style-textfill-type:solid;mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor:accent2;mso-style-textfill-fill-color:#8585E0;mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha:100.0%;mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms:&quot;lumm=60000 lumo=40000&quot;">-Bravoet.al., 2024)</span><span style="font-size: 28pt; font-family: Arial;">.Nevertheless, the high cost of storage facilities and the inadequacy ofinfrastructure hinder the complete replacement of hydrogen with natural gas </span><span style="font-size:28.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:+mn-ea;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:#8585E0;mso-color-index:5;mso-font-kerning:12.0pt;language:tr;mso-style-textfill-type:solid;mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor:accent2;mso-style-textfill-fill-color:#8585E0;mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha:100.0%;mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms:&quot;lumm=60000 lumo=40000&quot;">(</span><span style="font-size:28.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:+mn-ea;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:#8585E0;mso-color-index:5;mso-font-kerning:12.0pt;language:tr;mso-style-textfill-type:solid;mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor:accent2;mso-style-textfill-fill-color:#8585E0;mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha:100.0%;mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms:&quot;lumm=60000 lumo=40000&quot;">Fioriti</span><span style="font-size:28.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:+mn-ea;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:#8585E0;mso-color-index:5;mso-font-kerning:12.0pt;language:tr;mso-style-textfill-type:solid;mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor:accent2;mso-style-textfill-fill-color:#8585E0;mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha:100.0%;mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms:&quot;lumm=60000 lumo=40000&quot;">et.al., 2021)</span><span style="font-size: 28pt; font-family: Arial;">. Thepresent s