An Overview of Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds Inhibiting Oral Pathogens: Potential for Natural Oral Care Solutions

The aim of this review is to explore and summarize how plant-derived bioactive compounds can inhibit oral pathogens, with an emphasis on their potential role in natural oral care products. Bioactive compounds derived from plants have shoved potential as natural alternatives for conventional antimicrobials to target oral pathogens. They include antibiofilm, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties [1]. In vitro and in silico studies demonstrate the ability of polyphenolic compounds like quercetin, catechin, and cinnamic acid to inhibit biofilm formation by 65–87% in clinical isolates (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus spp.) at low concentrations (MIC: 0.0625–0.5 mg/ml). This primarily happens through membrane disruption and interference with energy metabolism rather than quorum sensing [2]. Mediterranean herbs such as Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) and Origanum vulgare (oregano) exhibit potential activity against Streptococcus mutans biofilms (MIC: 0.01–1.25 mg/ml), competing with chlorhexidine in efficacy [3]. Improvements in formulation, such as oral sprays and nanoparticle delivery methods, enhance absorption and clinical application. Studies using products infused with plant extracts have shown lower levels of S. mutans in high-risk populations [4]. For standardizing those extracts and validating their long-term safety further in vivo studies are necessary, despite all promising results. These findings underscore the viability of plant-based strategies to address antibiotic resistance and advance sustainable oral healthcare solutions.