Grain Yield and Nutritional Properties of Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum M.) Grown with Varying Nitrogen Doses and Irrigation Levels

<p class="s8" style="margin-bottom: 8px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.3); line-height: 1.8; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; text-align: justify; font-size: 12px;"><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em;">Buckwheat has gained high demand and popularity worldwide in recent years. There are very few studies on the combined use of irrigation and nitrogen applications&nbsp;</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em;">for</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em;">&nbsp;the plant.&nbsp;</span></span><span class="s13" style="line-height: 14.4px; color: rgb(238, 0, 0);"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em;">In this study, the effects of different&nbsp;</span></span><span class="s13" style="line-height: 14.4px; color: rgb(238, 0, 0);"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em;">nitrogen dose (0, 30, 60, 90 kg ha</span></span><span class="s14" style="line-height: 8.4px; font-size: 7px; vertical-align: super; color: rgb(238, 0, 0);"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 12.6px; font-size: 1.5em;">-1</span></span><span class="s13" style="line-height: 14.4px; color: rgb(238, 0, 0);"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em;">) and irrigation levels (50%, 75%, 100% of&nbsp;</span></span><span class="s13" style="line-height: 14.4px; color: rgb(238, 0, 0);"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em;">ETo</span></span><span class="s13" style="line-height: 14.4px; color: rgb(238, 0, 0);"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em;">&nbsp;value calculated with the use of evaporations from Class-A pan) applied via fertigation</span></span><span class="s15" style="line-height: 14.4px; color: rgb(238, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em;">&nbsp;</span></span><span class="s13" style="line-height: 14.4px; color: rgb(238, 0, 0);"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em;">on water use, yield and grain nutritional properties in buckwheat were investigated.</span></span><span class="s16" style="line-height: 14.4px; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em;">&nbsp;</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em;">The study was carried out in&nbsp;</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em;">2020- 2021 according</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em;">&nbsp;to the randomized block design with 3 replications for two years.</span></span> <p class="s8" style="margin-bottom: 8px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.3); line-height: 1.8; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; text-align: justify; font-size: 12px;"><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em;">The highest grain yield was obtained with 100% irrigation level and 90 kg ha</span></span><span class="s6" style="line-height: 8.4px; font-size: 7px; vertical-align: super;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 12.6px; font-size: 1.5em;">-1</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em;">&nbsp;nitrogen dose. The increase in nitrogen doses caused significant increases in&nbsp;</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em;">c</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em;">rop water productivity</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em;"></span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em;">(</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em;">CWP</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em;">)</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em;">&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em;">irrigation water productivity&nbsp;</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em;">(</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em;">IWP</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em;">)</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em;">&nbsp;values. Plant water consumption (ET) varied between 339 (I0</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em;">×</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em;">N50) - 617 (I100</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em;">×</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em;">N90) mm. Yield response factor (</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em;">ky</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em;">) was determined to be between 1.32 for N0 and 1.49 for N30 according to nitrogen doses</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em;">, and it was determined that the&nbsp;</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em;">buckwheat plant was sensitive to water stress.</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em;">&nbsp;</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em;">The concentrations of significant constituents, including protein, resistant starch, and fatty acids (oleic acid, linoleic acid),&nbsp;</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em;">were&nbsp;</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em;">augmented with elevated irrigation le</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em;">vels and nitrogen fertilization</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em;">. In addition, mineral contents (Ca, Mg,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em;">Fe, Zn, P) increased significantly with increasing irrigation and nitrogen doses. As a result, 100% irrigation level and 90 kg ha</span></span><span class="s6" style="line-height: 8.4px; font-size: 7px; vertical-align: super;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 12.6px; font-size: 1.5em;">-1</span></span><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em;">&nbsp;nitrogen dose are recommended in buckwheat cultivation for optimum grain yield and nutrient content. It was determined that these applications provided the most suitable results in terms of both quality and yield.</span></span> <div><span style="background-color: rgb(66, 66, 66);"><span class="s5" style="line-height: 14.4px;"><span class="bumpedFont15" style="line-height: 21.6px; font-size: 1.5em;"><br></span></span></span></div>