Regular Cold‐Water Immersion Following <scp>HIIT</scp> Does Not Affect Intramuscular Adaptation Markers, Inflammatory Profile or Endurance Performance

The study aimed to investigate the effects of 5 weeks of post-exercise cold-water immersion (CWI) following high-intensity interval training (HIIT) sessions on the satellite cell pool, muscle content of inflammatory markers, muscle expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1-α (PGC-1α), maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O₂max), and running performance. Sixteen healthy males completed baseline assessments, including muscle biopsies, a graded exercise test for V̇O₂max determination, and a constant work-rate (CWR) running test to assess time to task failure (TTF). Participants were ranked according to V̇O₂max and randomly allocated to either a training-only control group (n = 7) or a CWI group (n = 9), which underwent CWI (11.2°C ± 0.2°C for 15 min) following each HIIT session. The HIIT program consisted of three weekly sessions 5-8 × 2-min bouts at 95% V̇O₂max. At the end of weeks four and five, all participants repeated the same sequence of assessments. Training increased V̇O₂max values, TTF at CWR, satellite cell pool, PGC-1α content, and induced changes in muscle morphology (connective tissue), as indicated by a main effect of time (p ≤ 0.031); none of the analyzed variables showed a main effect of condition (p ≥ 0.098) or interaction (p ≥ 0.088). No significant alterations were observed in inflammatory markers over time (p ≥ 0.395) and condition (p ≥ 0.115). In conclusion, 5 weeks of post-exercise CWI following HIIT did not influence the satellite cell pool, muscle inflammation status, muscle PGC-1α content, muscle morphological, V̇O₂max, or running performance.