Dynamic breast response under different running intensities: a pilot finite element study across representative breast types

This study investigates the dynamic breast response of nine representative breast types by finite element method, focusing on the effects of breast volume, running speed, and nipple spatial configuration. The simulation revealed that greater breast volume and higher speed significantly increased displacement and acceleration (<i>p</i> < 0.001). The volume and speed were key predictors of breast motion in both <i>Y</i>- and <i>Z</i>-directions, while nipple position type modulated lateral dynamics. Notably, middle-type breasts exhibited greater lateral stability. These findings offer biomechanical insights into breast movement, and provide basis for the design of sports bras tailored to different breast morphologies.