Interaction Between Advance Passive Support Force and Bolt–Cable Systems in Deep Roadways

Advance hydraulic supports are widely applied in deep coal mine roadways; however, inappropriate initial support force often leads to either insufficient roof control or over-support, weakening the effectiveness of bolt–cable systems. To clarify the interaction mechanism between advance passive support and active bolt–cable reinforcement, an advance roadway support model was developed using FLAC3D based on the geological conditions of the 1432 working face in the Dongtan Coal Mine. Numerical simulations were conducted by varying the initial support force from 0 to 14 MPa, and the corresponding roof displacement, bolt stress, and cable axial force responses were systematically analyzed. The results indicate that roof subsidence decreases nonlinearly with increasing support force, exhibiting a rapid suppression stage (0–10 MPa) and a stable coordination stage (10–12 MPa). Within this optimal range, load transfer from the roof to the passive support is significantly enhanced, leading to effective stress relief and homogenization in the bolt–cable system. When the support force exceeds 12 MPa, further deformation control becomes marginal, indicating a transition from cooperative load sharing to over-support. These findings reveal the staged interaction mechanism between advance passive support and active reinforcement systems, providing a quantitative basis for selecting appropriate initial support force in deep roadway engineering.