A meta-synthesis of artificial reef studies in Türkiye

This paper systematically reviews artificial reef (AR) studies in Türkiye through a meta-synthesis of 43 studies (49 ARs) between 1990 and 2025. Data were coded and thematically analyzed using descriptive statistics and an AR performance scoring system was used to assess AR sites. The results show a strong concentration of AR projects in the Aegean Sea, where concrete cubic modules are typically deployed at mid-depths for protection and research. Ecological findings confirm ARs attract species like Chromis chromis and Diplodus vulgaris, but increases in species richness and abundance were reported in only about 36-38% of AR sites. Methodologically, visual census/observation predominated while long-term monitoring and socio-economic assessments were limited. An AR performance score averaged 4.07±1.02, indicating moderate success of AR studies. Key deficiencies include a lack of cost reporting, centralized coordination, short monitoring durations, and insufficient socio-economic evaluation. The study concludes that realizing the full potential of ARs in Türkiye requires integrated planning, standardized monitoring, stakeholder involvement, and multifunctional project designs.