Ecology and demographic structure of an extinct ibex population in late Upper Palaeolithic Italian Alps
Alpine Upper Palaeolithic contexts exhibit specialised subsistence strategies, heavily dependent on Capra ibex. Among them, the rock shelter Riparo Dalmeri stands out, with C. ibex dominating faunal remains across all occupation phases, spanning the Pleistocene-Holocene transition. This evidence positions Riparo Dalmeri as a key site for exploring the interaction between human groups and C. ibex during this period of significant climatic and cultural shifts in human evolution. Here, we present the first multidisciplinary study on Late Palaeolithic C. ibex teeth from Riparo Dalmeri, integrating direct radiocarbon dating, stable isotope (δ13C, δ18O) and 87Sr/86Sr analyses, proteomic, and aDNA data. We generated the earliest aDNA sequences for C. ibex and contextual evidence on mobility, seasonality, and sex ratios. We found that most C. ibex were local to the area despite consistent human presence. They reveal significant dietary differences between sexes as well as increased seasonality at the Pleistocene-Holocene transition. Our results identify Riparo Dalmeri as belonging to an extinct branch of the ibex mtDNA phylogeny, offering unprecedented insights into ibex ecology and evolution that resonate with present-day issues on the conservation of this species in the face of climate change.
Authors
- Francesco Fontani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7242-0659)
- Eugenio Bortolini (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6751-5680)
- Nicola Nannini (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1821-7748)
- Elena Armaroli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6727-7730)
- Elisabetta Cilli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0407-267X)
- Rossella Duches (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2823-2212)
- Federico Lugli
- Giampaolo Dalmeri
- Gabriele Terlato (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8889-0180)
- Anna Cipriani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8457-0147)
- Alex Fontana
- Rocco Iacovera (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7217-0824)
- Hubert Vonhof (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0897-8244)
- Gianluca Quarta (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3648-1411)
- Adriana Latorre (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8286-1626)
- Lucio Calcagnile
- Donata Luiselli
- Matteo Romandini
- Stefano Benazzi
Institutions
- Goethe University Frankfurt (DE)
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia (IT)
- University of Padua (IT)
- University of Salento (IT)
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (US)
- Museo delle Scienze (IT)
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (DE)
- Department of Cultural Heritage (LT)
- University of Bologna (IT)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2026-02-27
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-32389-w
- Primary Topic
- Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00
Funders
- Università Degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emila
- European Commission
- Università degli Studi di Padova
- Provincia Autonoma di Trento
- HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme
- H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions