Digital literacy in African public and academic libraries: a systematic review of capacity-building initiatives and competency frameworks (2010–2025)

Purpose The persistent digital divide across African regions undermines educational, economic and civic outcomes. Public and academic libraries are well positioned to mitigate these disparities through digital literacy initiatives. This study aims to review capacity-building programs and competency frameworks implemented in African libraries between 2010 and 2025. Design/methodology/approach Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, systematic searches were conducted in Scopus, Web of Science, EBSCO, AJOL, ERIC, ProQuest and grey literature sources. Predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria guided the selection of empirical studies, case reports and evaluations of digital literacy interventions. In total, 84 studies met the inclusion criteria. Findings Libraries offered diverse initiatives for staff (workshops, online modules, mentorship and fellowships) and users (formal courses, drop-in clinics and curriculum integration). Infrastructure investment, cross-sector partnerships and resource sharing enhanced capacity, while only 37% of studies referenced formal frameworks such as the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions or DigComp, with limited local adaptation. Academic libraries emphasized research-oriented training, whereas public libraries focused on basic e-skills and community outreach. Persistent challenges included unreliable power, limited funding and weak sustainability planning, though staff confidence and user engagement showed significant gains. Originality/value To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first systematic review to synthesize evidence on library-led digital literacy initiatives across Africa within a 15-year span. It provides critical insights into enablers, barriers and framework usage, offering policy and practice recommendations to embed libraries in national digital inclusion strategies and support the development of African-centric competency frameworks.