Risk awareness characterisation in multi-hazard, high-tourist-interest sites: the case of Stromboli volcano during the 2019 eruptive crisis (Aeolian islands UNESCO site, Italy)

Abstract Volcanic regions are popular tourist destinations thanks to their unique landscapes, rich biodiversity, and natural resources. However, increasing tourist flows heighten exposure to natural hazards, thereby amplifying volcanic risk, as shown by the escalation in eruption-related fatalities and injuries, as well as other types of risks, given that these areas are often subject to multi-hazard conditions. This study investigates risk awareness among the local population and tourists on the island of Stromboli, a permanently inhabited volcano, during the July–August 2019 eruptive crisis, which was marked by two paroxysmal explosions. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining semi-structured interviews with inhabitants and survey questionnaires targeting tourists. The findings revealed contrasting awareness profiles. Inhabitants displayed more structured, place-based knowledge and a deeper understanding of natural phenomena, related hazards, and their potential impacts, largely shaped by direct experience and consistent public outreach by scientists and civil protection authorities. Conversely, tourists often exhibited a fragmented or superficial awareness, which is likely shaped by informal or non-specialist sources. While the study adopts a multi-hazard perspective, volcanic risk emerged as the dominant concern, with limited awareness of other significant threats, such as earthquakes, landslides and tsunamis, particularly among tourists. The methodological framework proved effective in capturing diverse perspectives and may be applied to other multi-hazard, high-tourism settings. These insights contribute to a more nuanced and integrated approach to disaster risk management in regions characterised by demographic variation and pronounced seasonal fluctuations in exposure.