Divergent assessments among Swedish animal welfare inspectors on compliance with bedding requirements for dairy cows in tie-stalls

Introduction In Sweden, 15-20% of the 289,000 dairy cows are housed in tie-stalls. Since cows typically lie down for 8–16 hours a day, lying comfort is a key aspect of animal welfare. Hard or poorly maintained surfaces can lead to discomfort, injuries, lameness and soiling. It is the animal welfare inspectors of the County Administrative Boards who carry out official controls to ensure that the animal welfare regulations concerning the cows’ lying areas are complied with by dairy producers. This study was conducted to investigate whether animal welfare inspectors apply a consistent approach when assessing bedding material for dairy cows in tie-stalls, and whether their previous experience of inspecting tie-stalls influences these assessments. Methods Using three photographs and accompanying brief information about the situation that prevailed at the moment, the inspectors assessed cleanliness in lying areas, dryness, and adaptation to the animals and barn environment, in accordance with the checklists and guidelines developed on the basis of the animal welfare legislation. Results and discussion The results indicate divergent assessments among the 89 respondents, particularly regarding bedding quality, quantity, and lying area comfort. Assessments were especially challenging when bedding was limited or when rubber mats were present. Statistically significant differences were found between inspectors’ assessments and their levels of experience, measured by years of service, and the number of official controls conducted. However, these differences were scattered, suggesting that experience explains only part of the variability and that other factors or random variation may also contribute. This inconsistency can result in uneven enforcement of legal requirements and foster a sense of unfairness among producers. Achieving consensus in assessments among inspectors is essential not only for ensuring compliance with animal welfare legislation but also for maintaining fairness and trust in the official animal welfare control system.