Blood conveying Williamson hybrid ferroparticle flow towards a stretching sheet incorporating the effects of Joule heating, thermal radiation and viscous dissipation

This study aims to examine the behaviour of Williamson hybrid magneto-ferrofluid containing Fe 2 O 3 and Cu nanoparticles with blood as the base fluid. The flow passes over a stretchable sheet and includes the impacts of thermal radiation, Arrhenius activation energy, Soret, viscous dissipation and Joule heating. Using similarity transformations, the governing equations representing flow, heat and mass transfer phenomena are converted to a set of ordinary differential equations. These transformed equations are solved numerically using ‘bvp4c’ technique. The velocity profile is found to increase with a higher stretching parameter and also it interestingly increases with the introduction of magnetic field parameter. The temperature graph increases with an increase in nanoparticle percentage, stretching parameter, Williamson parameter and Eckert number. Further, addition of 1% Fe 2 O 3 and Cu nanoparticles enhanced the skin friction coefficient, Nusselt and Sherwood number by 8.20%, 4.60% and 0.26%, respectively. The numerical results demonstrate strong agreement with previously published work in limiting cases, confirming the reliability of the current model. The outcomes provide valuable insights into the behaviour of Williamson hybrid ferrofluid in engineering and thermal management applications.