Ciprofol versus propofol and the risk of hemodynamic adverse events: a meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis of randomized controlled trials

Ciprofol was associated with a reduced incidence of intraoperative hypotension compared with propofol, with comparable anesthetic efficacy. Nevertheless, due to heterogeneity and overall low-to-moderate certainty of evidence, these findings should be interpreted with caution. Further large-scale, well-designed randomized controlled trials are warranted to validate these results and delineate the clinical benefits of ciprofol.