Forms of spirituality and their associations with conspiratorial thinking in Polish young adults

The findings suggest that spirituality is not a homogeneous construct in relation to conspiratorial thinking. Institutionally embedded, norm-regulated spirituality may be associated with lower endorsement of conspiracy beliefs, whereas individualized, non-religious forms of spiritual practice appear to co-occur with higher susceptibility to conspiratorial narratives among Polish young adults. These relationships should be interpreted as associational rather than causal and highlight the importance of considering the form and epistemic orientation of spirituality in research on conspiracy beliefs.