Analysis of magnetic behavior on a two-dimensional square–octagon lattice based on the Monte Carlo method

This paper constructs a ferrimagnetic mixed-spin (1, 5/2) Ising model to study the physical properties of a two-dimensional (2D) square–octagon lattice structure, including magnetization, magnetic susceptibility, internal energy, and hysteresis loops, utilizing the Monte Carlo (MC) method. Through phase diagram analysis, the evolution of critical temperature ([Formula: see text]) and compensation temperature ([Formula: see text]) under various parameters is systematically investigated. The multiple hysteresis loops phenomena of quintuple loops, triple loops, and double loops structures are observed, which arise due to the competitive interactions among different parameters.