The Couple Energy & Engagement Model: a new operational theory for relationship burn-out

Classical theories in couple psychology, such as the Vulnerability-Stress-Adaptation (VSA) model and the Systemic-Transactional Model of Dyadic Coping (STM), have substantially advanced understanding of relational dynamics by highlighting the roles of individual vulnerabilities, external stressors, and adaptive processes, particularly communication and dyadic coping. In parallel, the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) model, originally developed in occupational psychology, demonstrates that the balance between demands and resources determines exhaustion and engagement. Although this logic has been extrapolated to intimate relationships through the notion of couple burnout, no comprehensive, operational framework has simultaneously captured both negative and positive dimensions of relational vitality. This article proposes the Couple Energy & Engagement Model (CEEM) to address these gaps. The CEEM introduces two core dimensions: couple (or relationship) energy, defined as the individual affective state reflecting vitality versus exhaustion within the relationship, and couple engagement, defined as observable behavioral investment-disengagement in the partnership. To render the CEEM falsifiable, we outline two psychometric instruments. The Couple Energy & Engagement Scale (CEES), analogous to the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI), is designed to assess energy and engagement. The Couple Needs and Fulfillment Questionnaire (CNFQ) assesses fundamental expectations within the couple, the individual's communication of these expectations, and the perceived partner response as resources. Together, these tools enable empirical evaluation of CEEM, factor-analytic validation, and can be used in the modeling of relational profiles via data-driven approaches, including cluster analysis, machine learning, and the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM). The CEEM thus extends existing models by offering a dynamic, ecological, and operational account of individual experience in intimate relationships, paving the way for integrative empirical research capable of measuring, validating, and theoretically refining mechanisms of relational vitality and exhaustion.