Evaluating internet accessibility and equity in Indonesia using integrated SUSENAS and OOKLA data

The advancement of internet accessibility and equity is a key component of Indonesia’s development strategy. This study assesses the current state of internet distribution across the country and evaluates measurable progress toward equitable digital connectivity. Using data from SUSENAS [73] and OOKLA Speedtest Global Index [61], we analyze critical indicators such as internet penetration rates, average download speeds, and socio-economic disparities. The results reveal substantial progress in several regions—for example, internet penetration in Central Java increased from 62% in 2019 to 81% in 2022—while remote and underserved areas like Papua and East Nusa Tenggara continue to lag. The analysis further examines the impact of national policies, including the Palapa Ring project and Bakti Kominfo’s Universal Service Obligation (USO) program. Policy effectiveness is evaluated by comparing regional connectivity outcomes over time. Our findings show that while these initiatives have expanded backbone infrastructure, gaps remain in last-mile access and affordability. The paper concludes with recommendations to support a more inclusive and sustainable digital future for Indonesia.