International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2024

The International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD) guidelines represent a rich repository that serves as the only comprehensive set of clinical recommendations for children, adolescents, and young adults living with diabetes worldwide. This chapter builds on the 2022 ISPAD guidelines, and updates recommendations on the glycemic targets for children and adolescents living with diabetes. A new target for hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) of ≤6.5% (48 mmol/mol) is recommended for those who have access to advanced diabetes technologies like continuous glucose monitoring and automated insulin delivery. This target should be encouraged for all children and adolescents living with diabetes when safely achievable. In other settings, the HbA1c target is ≤7.0% (53 mmol/mol).