Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes demonstrate potent anti-tumor efficacy and synergize with PD-1 blockade in bladder cancer

TIL isolated from bladder cancer patients can be robustly expanded in vitro into a population enriched with CD8⁺ T cells, which exhibited potent anti-tumor activity across both in vitro and in vivo models. Notably, combining TIL with PD-1 blockade significantly enhanced efficacy, establishing TIL-based adoptive cell therapy as a viable immunotherapeutic strategy for bladder cancer and provide a compelling rationale for the clinical translation of TIL combined with Nivolumab.