Reporting checklist for foundation and large language models in medical research (REFINE): an international consensus guideline

The REFINE enables transparent, comparable, and reproducible reporting of FM and LLM studies, supporting reliable evidence synthesis in medical and imaging-focused AI studies.

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Publication Details

Journal
Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology
Published
2026-02-26
DOI
https://doi.org/10.4274/dir.2026.263812
Citations
2
Primary Topic
Clinical practice guidelines implementation
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
83.69

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article

Reporting checklist for foundation and large language models in medical research (REFINE): an international consensus guideline

Merel Huisman, Aymen Meddeb, Eleftherios Tzanis, André Isaac et al.
2 citations
Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology
Clinical practice guidelines implementation
83.69
article

Reporting checklist for foundation and large language models in medical research (REFINE): an international consensus guideline

Merel Huisman, Aymen Meddeb, Eleftherios Tzanis, André Isaac, Mana Moassefi, Andrea Ponsiglione, Jingyu Zhong, Pouria Rouzrokh, Chong Hyun Suh, Soroosh Tayebi Arasteh, Leopold Reiner, João Santinha, Michail E. Klontzas, Ali Shah Tejani, Charles E. Kahn, Felix Nensa, Woojin Kim, Nikolaos Papanikolaou, Tugba Akinci D’Antonoli, Renato Cuocolo, Errol Colak, Jawed Nawabi, Felix Busch, Su Hwan Kim, Jens Kleesiek, Henning Müller, José Guilherme de Almeida, Magdalini Paschali, Vasantha Kumar Venugopal, Burak Kocak, Daniel Pinto dos Santos, Philipp Seeböck, Christian Bluethgen, Ismail Mese, Guang Yang, Jakob Nikolas Kather, Bardia Khosravi, Felipe Kitamura, Shahriar Faghani, Lisa C. Adams, Elmar Kotter, Dow-Mu Koh, Bastien Le Guellec, Michael Ingrisc, Linda Moy, Quirin D. Strotzer, Keno Bressem, Lena Maier- Hein, Matthias Dietzel, Seong Chan Park, Oliver Diaz, Johannes Haubold, Luis Martí- Bonmatí, Paulo Kuriki, Akshay Chaudhari, Karim Lekadir
article en
2 citations

Abstract

The REFINE enables transparent, comparable, and reproducible reporting of FM and LLM studies, supporting reliable evidence synthesis in medical and imaging-focused AI studies.

Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology
American College of Radiology (US), Champalimaud Foundation (PT), University of Geneva (CH), Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ES), Üsküdar University (TR), Project HOPE (US), St. Michael's Hospital (CA), University of Leeds (GB), University of Salerno (IT), Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust (GB), Mayo Clinic (US), University of Lisbon (PT), University of Crete (GR), Institute of Cancer Research (GB), Radboud University Nijmegen (NL), HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (CH), University of California, San Francisco (US), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (DE), Shanghai Jiao Tong University (CN), King's College London (GB), University of Toronto (CA), Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE), University of Zurich (CH), Heidelberg University (DE), Université de Lille (FR), Mediterranean University (ME), University Medical Center Freiburg (DE), University Hospital Heidelberg (DE), WinnMed (US), TUM Klinikum (DE), Radboud University Medical Center (NL), University of California System (US), University Hospital Regensburg (DE), Yale University (US), Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (DE), University of Ulsan (KR), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen (DE), Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research (US), St Michael’s Hospital (IE), Lille’s Cardiology Hospital (FR), Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna (AT), Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre (IN), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE), Southwestern Medical Center (US), University Hospital of Zurich (CH), Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (TR), Tongren Hospital (CN), National Center for Tumor Diseases (DE), Essen University Hospital (DE), Royal Marsden Hospital (GB), Mayo Clinic in Arizona (US), Stanford Medicine (US), Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin (DE), Mayo Clinic in Florida (US), Deutsches Herzzentrum München (DE), Hôpital de Sion (CH), Resonance Research (United States) (US), Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Dresden – University of Applied Sciences (DE), New York University (US), East China Normal University (CN), University of Naples Federico II (IT), Universitat de Barcelona (ES), Medical University of Vienna (AT), Technische Universität Dresden (DE), University of Pennsylvania (US), The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (US), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (BR), RWTH Aachen University (DE), Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (GR), Stanford University (US)
Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Radiological Society of North America, Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Technische Universität Dresden, Eisai, Daiichi Sankyo Europe
Openalex Percentile: Top 0%
Clinical practice guidelines implementation
83.69
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