Tolerance of leguminous green manure species and their potential for remediating diclosulam-contaminated soil

The use of residual herbicides provides extended weed control but may negatively affect soil quality, subsequent crops, and the environment. Diclosulam, a sulfonanilide herbicide with moderate persistence and high bioavailability, presents a high potential for water contamination and carryover effects. Green manure species have emerged as promising tools for phytoremediation while simultaneously improving soil fertility. This study evaluated the morphophysiological tolerance and phytoremediation capacity of <i>Canavalia ensiformis</i>, <i>Stizolobium aterrimum</i>, and <i>Cajanus cajan,</i> cultivated either in monoculture or intercropped in soil contaminated with diclosulam (42 g a.i. ha^-1). <i>C. ensiformis</i> showed no visible intoxication symptoms, whereas <i>C. cajan</i> and <i>S. aterrimum</i> exhibited maximum phytotoxicity levels of 18% and 21%, respectively. Intercropping altered physiological responses, indicating hormetic and interspecific interaction effects that enhanced plant performance in certain combinations. Leaf area, plant height, and biomass of <i>C. ensiformis</i> and <i>C. cajan</i> were maintained or increased under diclosulam exposure. In contrast, <i>S. aterrimum</i> showed reduced growth in monoculture but improved performance when intercropped. Diclosulam concentrations in the soil decreased by 13-18%, with the highest reduction observed in <i>S. aterrimum</i> monoculture (18.3%). Although remediation efficiency was moderate, the high tolerance of these species highlights their potential for use in herbicide-contaminated soils, promoting soil cover and fertility while mitigating carryover effects.